What if there was a way to make your metalworking projects more precise and reliable? In this article, you’ll discover a detailed conversion chart for the hardness and tensile strength of brass and beryllium bronze alloys. This guide is an essential tool for engineers and manufacturers to ensure optimal material selection and application performance. Dive in to enhance your understanding and improve the accuracy of your projects.
As a manufacturer or engineer, understanding the hardness and strength of different metal alloys is crucial for selecting the right material for your project. In this blog post, we delve into the world of copper alloys, specifically focusing on brass and beryllium bronze, and provide a comprehensive conversion chart of their hardness and tensile strength values. These properties are fundamental in determining material performance under various operating conditions and manufacturing processes.
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, offers a unique combination of properties including corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and ease of machining. Its versatility makes it a popular choice in applications ranging from plumbing fixtures to musical instruments. On the other hand, beryllium bronze, composed of copper, beryllium, and often small amounts of other elements like nickel or cobalt, is known for its high strength, excellent fatigue resistance, and non-magnetic properties. It finds extensive use in aerospace, automotive, and electronic industries where high performance under demanding conditions is required.
Understanding the relationship between hardness scales (such as Brinell, Rockwell, and Vickers) and tensile strength for these alloys is essential for accurate material selection and process optimization. Our conversion chart will provide you with precise correlations, enabling you to make informed decisions based on your specific requirements.
Related reading: Hardness Conversion Chart: HLD, HRC, HRB, HV, HB, HSD
Whether you’re a seasoned professional looking to refine your material selection process or an engineer just starting out in the industry, this information serves as a valuable resource for enhancing your understanding of copper alloy properties. The insights provided here will empower you to optimize your designs, improve manufacturing processes, and ultimately deliver superior products.
So, let’s dive into the detailed analysis of brass and beryllium bronze properties, exploring how their hardness and tensile strength characteristics can be leveraged in various engineering applications!
(Excerpt from GB/T3771-1983)
Table 1
| Hardness | Tensile strength /MPa | ||||||||
| Brinell | Vickers | Rockwell | Surface Rockwell | Brass | |||||
| HB30D2 | d10,2d5,4d2.5 /mm | HV | HRB | HRF | HR15T | HR30T | HR45T | Plate | Rod |
| σb | σb | ||||||||
| 90.0 | 6.159 | 90.5 | 53.7 | 87.1 | 77.2 | 50.8 | 26.7 | — | — |
| 92.0 | 6.100 | 92.6 | 54.2 | 87.4 | 77.4 | 51.2 | 27.2 | — | — |
| 94.0 | 6.042 | 94.7 | 54.8 | 87.7 | 77.6 | 51.6 | 27.7 | — | — |
| 96.0 | 5.986 | 96.8 | 55.5 | 88.1 | 77.8 | 52.0 | 28.4 | — | — |
| 98.0 | 5.931 | 98.9 | 56.2 | 88.5 | 78.0 | 52.5 | 29.1 | — | — |
| 100.0 | 5.878 | 101.0 | 57.1 | 89.1 | 78.3 | 53.2 | 30.1 | — | — |
| 102.0 | 5.826 | 103.1 | 58.0 | 89.6 | 78.6 | 53.8 | 31.0 | — | — |
| 104.0 | 5.775 | 105.1 | 58.9 | 90.1 | 78.9 | 54.4 | 31.9 | — | — |
| 106.0 | 5.726 | 107.2 | 60.0 | 90.7 | 79.2 | 55.1 | 32.9 | — | — |
| 108.0 | 5.678 | 109.3 | 61.0 | 91.3 | 79.6 | 55.8 | 33.9 | — | — |
| 110.0 | 5.631 | 111.4 | 62.1 | 91.9 | 79.9 | 56.5 | 35.0 | 379 | 392 |
| 112.0 | 5.585 | 113.5 | 63.2 | 92.6 | 80.3 | 574 | 36.2 | 382 | 397 |
| 114.0 | 5.541 | 115.6 | 64.3 | 93.2 | 80.6 | 58.1 | 37.2 | 386 | 403 |
| 116.0 | 5.497 | 117.7 | 65.4 | 93.8 | 81.0 | 58.8 | 38.2 | 390 | 408 |
| 118.0 | 5.454 | 119.8 | 66.6 | 94.5 | 81.4 | 59.6 | 39.4 | 394 | 414 |
| 120.0 | 5.413 | 121.9 | 67.7 | 95.1 | 84.7 | 60.3 | 40.5 | 398 | 420 |
| 122.0 | 5.372 | 124.0 | 68.8 | 95.8 | 82.1 | 61.2 | 41.7 | 402 | 425 |
| 124.0 | 5.332 | 126.1 | 69.9 | 96.4 | 82.5 | 61.9 | 42.7 | 407 | 431 |
| 126.0 | 5.293 | 128.2 | 71.0 | 97.0 | 82.8 | 62.6 | 43.7 | 412 | 437 |
| 128.0 | 5.255 | 130.3 | 72.1 | 97.7 | 83.2 | 63.4 | 4.9 | 417 | 443 |
| 130.0 | 5.218 | 132.4 | 73.1 | 98.2 | 83.5 | 64.0 | 45.8 | 422 | 449 |
| 132.0 | 5.181 | 134.5 | 74.1 | 98.8 | 83.8 | 64.7 | 46.8 | 428 | 456 |
| 134.0 | 5.145 | 136.6 | 75.1 | 99.4 | 84.1 | 65.5 | 47.9 | 434 | 462 |
| 136.0 | 5.110 | 138.6 | 76.1 | 100.0 | 84.5 | 66.2 | 48.9 | 440 | 468 |
| 138.0 | 5.076 | 140.7 | 77.0 | 100.5 | 84.8 | 66.8 | 49.8 | 446 | 475 |
| 140.0 | 5.042 | 142.8 | 77.9 | 101.0 | 85.0 | 67.4 | 50.6 | 453 | 481 |
| 142.0 | 5.009 | 144.9 | 78.8 | 101.5 | 85.3 | 67.9 | 51.5 | 460 | 488 |
| 144.0 | 4.977 | 147.0 | 79.7 | 102.0 | 85.6 | 68.5 | 52.3 | 467 | 495 |
| 146.0 | 4.945 | 149.1 | 80.5 | 102.5 | 85.8 | 69.1 | 53.2 | 474 | 502 |
| 148.0 | 4.914 | 151.2 | 81.2 | 102.9 | 86.1 | 69.6 | 53.9 | 482 | 509 |
| 150.0 | 4.883 | 153.3 | 82.0 | 103.3 | 86.3 | 70.1 | 54.6 | 489 | 516 |
| 152.0 | 4.853 | 155.4 | 82.7 | 103.7 | 86.6 | 70.6 | 55.3 | 498 | 523 |
| 154.0 | 4.823 | 157.5 | 83.3 | 104.1 | 86.8 | 71.0 | 56.0 | 506 | 530 |
| 156.0 | 4.794 | 159.6 | 84.0 | 104.5 | 87.0 | 71.5 | 56.6 | 514 | 537 |
| 158.0 | 4.766 | 161.7 | 84.6 | 104.8 | 87.2 | 71.9 | 57.2 | 523 | 545 |
| 160.0 | 4.738 | 163.8 | 85.2 | 105.2 | 87.4 | 72.3 | 57.9 | 532 | 552 |
| 162.0 | 4.710 | 165.9 | 85.7 | 105.5 | 87.6 | 72.7 | 58.4 | 541 | 560 |
| 164.0 | 4.683 | 168.0 | 86.3 | 105.8 | 87.7 | 73.1 | 58.9 | 551 | 567 |
| 166.0 | 4.657 | 170.1 | 86.8 | 106.1 | 87.9 | 73.4 | 59.4 | 561 | 575 |
| 168.0 | 4.631 | 172.1 | 87.4 | 106.4 | 88.1 | 73.8 | 59.9 | 571 | 583 |
Table 2
| Hardness | Tensile Strength /MPa | ||||||||||||||
| Brinell | Vickers | Rockwell | Surface Rockwell | Brass | Beryllium Bronze | ||||||||||
| HB30D2 | d10、2d5、4d2.5/mm | HV | HRB | HRF | HR15T | HR30T | HR45T | Plate | Rod | Plate | Rod | ||||
| σb | σb | σb | σ0.2 | σ0.01 | σb | σ0.2 | σ0.01 | ||||||||
| 170.0 | 4.605 | 174.2 | 87.9 | 106.7 | 88.2 | 74.1 | 60.4 | 581 | 591 | 556 | 476 | 332 | 662 | 374 | 291 |
| 172.0 | 4.580 | 176.3 | 88.4 | 107.0 | 88.4 | 74.5 | 61.0 | 591 | 599 | 562 | 482 | 337 | 667 | 382 | 297 |
| 174.0 | 4.555 | 178.4 | 88.8 | 107.2 | 88.5 | 74.7 | 61.3 | 602 | 607 | 569 | 489 | 342 | 673 | 390 | 303 |
| 176.0 | 4.530 | 180.5 | 89.3 | 107.5 | 88.7 | 75.1 | 61.8 | 613 | 615 | 576 | 496 | 347 | 678 | 398 | 09 |
| 178.0 | 4.506 | 182.6 | 89.8 | 107.8 | 89.8 | 75.4 | 62.3 | 624 | 624 | 582 | 503 | 352 | 683 | 406 | 314 |
| 180.0 | 4.483 | 184.7 | 90.3 | 108.1 | 89.0 | 75.8 | 62.8 | 636 | 632 | 589 | 509 | 356 | 689 | 414 | 320 |
| 182.0 | 4.459 | 186.8 | 90.8 | 108.4 | 89.2 | 76.1 | 63.4 | 648 | 640 | 596 | 516 | 361 | 694 | 422 | 326 |
| 184.0 | 4.436 | 188.9 | 91.3 | 108.7 | 89.4 | 76.5 | 63.9 | 659 | 649 | 603 | 523 | 366 | 700 | 430 | 332 |
| 186.0 | 4.414 | 191.0 | 91.8 | 109.0 | 89.5 | 76.9 | 64.4 | 672 | 658 | 609 | 530 | 371 | 705 | 438 | 337 |
| 188.0 | 4.392 | 193.1 | 92.3 | 109.2 | 89.7 | 77.1 | 64.7 | 684 | 666 | 616 | 537 | 376 | 711 | 446 | 343 |
| 190.0 | 4.370 | 195.2 | 92.8 | 109.5 | 89.8 | 77.5 | 65.3 | 697 | 675 | 623 | 543 | 380 | 717 | 454 | 349 |
| 192.0 | 4.348 | 197.3 | 93.3 | 109.8 | 90.0 | 77.8 | 65.8 | 710 | 684 | 630 | 550 | 385 | 722 | 462 | 355 |
| 194.0 | 4.327 | 199.4 | 93.9 | 110.2 | 90.2 | 78.3 | 66.5 | 723 | 693 | 637 | 557 | 390 | 728 | 470 | 360 |
| 196.0 | 4.306 | 201.5 | 94.4 | 110.4 | 90.3 | 78.5 | 66.8 | 736 | 702 | 643 | 564 | 395 | 734 | 478 | 366 |
| 198.0 | 4.285 | 203.5 | 95.0 | 110.8 | 90.6 | 79.0 | 67.5 | 750 | 712 | 650 | 570 | 400 | 740 | 486 | 372 |
| 200.0 | 4.265 | 205.6 | 95.6 | 111.1 | 90.7 | 79.4 | 68.0 | 764 | 721 | 657 | 577 | 404 | 746 | 494 | 378 |
| 202.0 | 4.244 | 207.7 | 95.3 | 111.5 | 90.9 | 79.8 | 68.7 | — | — | 664 | 584 | 409 | 752 | 502 | 383 |
| 204.0 | 4.225 | 209.8 | 95.8 | 111.8 | 91.2 | 80.2 | 69.2 | — | — | 671 | 591 | 414 | 758 | 510 | 389 |
| 206.0 | 4.205 | 211.9 | 97.5 | 112.2 | 91.4 | 80.7 | 69.9 | — | — | 678 | 598 | 419 | 764 | 518 | 395 |
| 208.0 | 4.186 | 214.0 | 98.1 | 112.6 | 91.6 | 81.1 | 70.6 | — | — | 685 | 604 | 424 | 770 | 526 | 401 |
| 210.0 | 4.167 | 216.1 | 98.8 | 113.0 | 91.8 | 81.6 | 71.3 | — | — | 692 | 611 | 428 | 776 | 534 | 406 |
| Hardness | Tensile Strength /MPa | ||||||||||||
| Brinell | Vickers | Rockwell | Surface Rockwell | Beryllium Bronze | |||||||||
| HB30D2 | d10,2d5,4d2.5 /mm | HV | HRC | HRA | HR15N | HR30N | HR45N | Plate | Rod | ||||
| σb | σ0.2 | σ0.01 | σb | σ0.2 | σ0.01 | ||||||||
| 212.0 | 4.148 | 218.2 | 18.0 | 59.2 | 69.7 | 38.9 | 17.3 | 699 | 618 | 433 | 782 | 542 | 412 |
| 214.0 | 4.129 | 220.3 | 18.4 | 59.4 | 68.2 | 39.2 | 17.8 | 706 | 625 | 438 | 789 | 550 | 418 |
| 216.0 | 4.111 | 222.4 | 18.8 | 59.6 | 68.4 | 39.6 | 18.3 | 713 | 631 | 443 | 795 | 558 | 424 |
| 218.0 | 4.093 | 224.5 | 19.1 | 59.8 | 68.5 | 39.9 | 18.6 | 720 | 638 | 447 | 801 | 566 | 429 |
| 220.0 | 4.075 | 226.6 | 19.5 | 60.0 | 68.8 | 40.3 | 19.1 | 727 | 645 | 452 | 808 | 574 | 435 |
| 288.0 | 3.581 | 297.8 | 30.7 | 65.7 | 75.1 | 50.9 | 32.1 | 973 | 875 | 615 | 1047 | 845 | 631 |
| 290.0 | 3.569 | 299.9 | 31.0 | 65.8 | 75.2 | 51.2 | 32.5 | 980 | 882 | 620 | 1054 | 852 | 637 |
| 292.0 | 3.557 | 301.9 | 31.2 | 65.9 | 75.4 | 51.4 | 32.7 | 988 | 889 | 625 | 1062 | 860 | 642 |
| 294.0 | 3.545 | 304.0 | 31.5 | 66.1 | 75.5 | 51.7 | 33.1 | 995 | 896 | 630 | 1070 | 868 | 648 |
| 296.0 | 3.534 | 306.1 | 31.8 | 66.2 | 75.7 | 51.9 | 33.4 | 1003 | 902 | 634 | 1077 | 876 | 654 |
| 298.0 | 3.522 | 308.2 | 32.1 | 66.4 | 75.9 | 52.2 | 33.8 | 1010 | 909 | 639 | 1085 | 884 | 660 |
| 300.0 | 3.511 | 310.3 | 32.4 | 66.5 | 76.0 | 52.5 | 34.1 | 1018 | 916 | 644 | 1093 | 892 | 665 |
| 302.0 | 3.500 | 312.4 | 32.7 | 66.7 | 76.2 | 52.8 | 34.4 | 1026 | 923 | 649 | 1100 | 900 | 671 |
| 304.0 | 3.489 | 314.5 | 33.0 | 66.9 | 76.4 | 53.1 | 34.8 | 1033 | 929 | 654 | 1108 | 908 | 677 |
| 306.0 | 3.478 | 316.6 | 33.2 | 67.0 | 76.5 | 53.3 | 35.0 | 1041 | 936 | 658 | 1116 | 916 | 683 |
| 308.0 | 3.467 | 318.7 | 33.5 | 67.1 | 76.7 | 53.6 | 35.4 | 1048 | 943 | 663 | 1124 | 924 | 688 |
| 310.0 | 3.456 | 320.8 | 33.8 | 67.3 | 76.8 | 53.8 | 35.7 | 1056 | 950 | 668 | 1131 | 932 | 694 |
| 312.0 | 3.445 | 322.9 | 34.1 | 67.4 | 77.0 | 54.1 | 36.1 | 1064 | 957 | 673 | 1139 | 940 | 700 |
| 314.0 | 3.434 | 325.0 | 34.3 | 67.5 | 77.1 | 54.3 | 36.3 | 1071 | 963 | 677 | 1147 | 948 | 706 |
| 316.0 | 3.424 | 327.1 | 34.6 | 67.7 | 77.3 | 54.6 | 36.7 | 1079 | 970 | 682 | 1155 | 956 | 711 |
| 318.0 | 3.413 | 329.2 | 34.9 | 67.8 | 77.4 | 54.9 | 7.0 | 1087 | 977 | 687 | 1163 | 964 | 717 |
| 320.0 | 3.403 | 331.3 | 35.2 | 68.0 | 77.6 | 55.2 | 37.4 | 1094 | 984 | 692 | 1171 | 972 | 723 |
| 322.0 | 3.393 | 333.4 | 35.4 | 68.1 | 77.7 | 55.4 | 37.6 | 1102 | 990 | 697 | 1179 | 980 | 729 |
| 324.0 | 3.383 | 335.4 | 35.7 | 68.2 | 77.9 | 55.6 | 38.0 | 1110 | 997 | 701 | 1187 | 988 | 734 |
| 326.0 | 3.372 | 337.5 | 36.0 | 68.4 | 78.1 | 55.9 | 38.3 | 1117 | 1004 | 706 | 1195 | 996 | 740 |
| 328.0 | 3.636 | 339.6 | 36.2 | 68.5 | 78.2 | 56.1 | 38.5 | 1125 | 1011 | 711 | 1203 | 1004 | 746 |
| 330.0 | 3.353 | 341.7 | 36.5 | 68.6 | 78.3 | 56.4 | 38.9 | 1133 | 1018 | 716 | 1210 | 1012 | 752 |
| 332.0 | 3.343 | 343.8 | 36.7 | 68.7 | 78.5 | 56.6 | 39.1 | 1141 | 1024 | 721 | 1218 | 1020 | 757 |
| 334.0 | 3.333 | 345.9 | 37.0 | 68.9 | 78.6 | 56.9 | 39.5 | 1149 | 1031 | 725 | 1227 | 1028 | 763 |
| 336.0 | 3.323 | 348.0 | 37.3 | 69.0 | 78.8 | 57.1 | 39.8 | 1156 | 1038 | 730 | 1235 | 1036 | 769 |
| 338.0 | 3.314 | 350.1 | 37.5 | 69.1 | 78.9 | 57.3 | 40.1 | 1164 | 1045 | 735 | 1243 | 1044 | 775 |
| 340.0 | 3.304 | 352.2 | 37.8 | 69.3 | 79.1 | 57.6 | 40.4 | 1172 | 1051 | 740 | 1251 | 1052 | 780 |
| 342.0 | 3.295 | 354.3 | 38.0 | 69.4 | 79.2 | 57.8 | 40.6 | 1180 | 1058 | 745 | 1259 | 1060 | 786 |
| 344.0 | 3.286 | 36.4 | 38.3 | 69.5 | 79.3 | 58.1 | 41.0 | 1188 | 1065 | 749 | 1267 | 1068 | 792 |
| 346.0 | 3.276 | 358.5 | 38.5 | 69.7 | 79.5 | 58.3 | 41.2 | 1196 | 1072 | 754 | 1275 | 1076 | 798 |
| 348.0 | 3.267 | 360.6 | 38.8 | 69.8 | 79.6 | 58.6 | 41.6 | 1204 | 1079 | 759 | 1283 | 1084 | 803 |
| 350.0 | 3.258 | 362.7 | 39.0 | 69.9 | 79.8 | 58.8 | 41.8 | 1211 | 1085 | 764 | 1291 | 1091 | 809 |
| 352.0 | 3.249 | 364.8 | 39.3 | 70.1 | 79.9 | 59.0 | 42.2 | 1219 | 1092 | 769 | 1299 | 1099 | 815 |
| 354.0 | 3.240 | 366.9 | 39.5 | 70.2 | 80.1 | 59.2 | 42.4 | 1227 | 1099 | 773 | 1307 | 1107 | 821 |
| 356.0 | 3.231 | 368.9 | 39.9 | 70.4 | 80.2 | 59.6 | 42.9 | 1235 | 1106 | 778 | 1316 | 1115 | 826 |
| 358.0 | 3.223 | 371.0 | 40.2 | 70.5 | 80.4 | 59.9 | 43.2 | 1243 | 1112 | 783 | 1324 | 1123 | 832 |
| 360.0 | 3.214 | 373.1 | 40.4 | 70.6 | 80.5 | 60.1 | 43.4 | 1251 | 1119 | 788 | 1332 | 1131 | 838 |
| 362.0 | 3.205 | 375.2 | 40.6 | 70.7 | 80.7 | 60.3 | 43.7 | 1259 | 1126 | 792 | 1340 | 1139 | 844 |
| 364.0 | 3.197 | 377.3 | 40.9 | 70.9 | 80.8 | 60.6 | 44.0 | 1267 | 1133 | 797 | 1348 | 1147 | 849 |
| 366.0 | 3.188 | 379.4 | 41.1 | 71.0 | 80.9 | 60.8 | 44.2 | 1275 | 1139 | 802 | 1356 | 1155 | 855 |
| 368.0 | 3.180 | 381.5 | 41.3 | 71.1 | 81.0 | 60.9 | 44.5 | 1283 | 1146 | 807 | 1365 | 1163 | 864 |
| 370.0 | 3.171 | 383.6 | 41.5 | 71.2 | 81.1 | 61.1 | 44.7 | 1294 | 1153 | 812 | 1373 | 1171 | 867 |
| 372.0 | 3.163 | 385.7 | 41.7 | 71.3 | 81.3 | 61.3 | 44.9 | 1299 | 1160 | 816 | 1381 | 1179 | 872 |
| 374.0 | 3.155 | 387.8 | 42.0 | 71.4 | 81.4 | 61.6 | 45.3 | 1307 | 1167 | 821 | 1389 | 1187 | 878 |
| 376.0 | 3.147 | 389.9 | 42.2 | 71.5 | 81.5 | 61.8 | 45.5 | 1315 | 1173 | 826 | 1397 | 1195 | 884 |
| 378.0 | 3.138 | 392.0 | 42.4 | 71.6 | 81.7 | 62.0 | 45.8 | 1324 | 1180 | 831 | 1406 | 1203 | 890 |
| 380.0 | 3.130 | 394.1 | 42.7 | 71.8 | 81.8 | 62.3 | 46.1 | 1332 | 1187 | 836 | 1414 | 1211 | 895 |
| 382.0 | 3.122 | 396.2 | 42.9 | 71.9 | 81.9 | 62.5 | 46.3 | 1340 | 1194 | 840 | 1422 | — | — |
| 384.0 | 3.114 | 398.3 | 43.2 | 72.0 | 82.1 | 62.7 | 46.7 | 1348 | 1200 | 845 | 1430 | — | — |
| 386.0 | 3.107 | 400.3 | 43.4 | 72.1 | 82.2 | 62.9 | 46.9 | 1356 | 1207 | 850 | 1438 | — | — |
| 388.0 | 3.099 | 402.4 | 43.6 | 72.2 | 82.3 | 63.1 | 47.2 | 1364 | 1214 | 855 | 1447 | — | — |
| 390.0 | 3.091 | 404.5 | 43.9 | 72.4 | 82.5 | 63.4 | 47.5 | 1372 | 1221 | 860 | 1455 | — | — |
| 392.0 | 3.083 | 406.6 | 44.1 | 72.5 | 82.6 | 63.6 | 47.7 | 1381 | 1228 | 864 | 1463 | — | — |
| 394.0 | 3.076 | 408.7 | 44.3 | 72.6 | 82.7 | 63.8 | 48.0 | 1389 | 1234 | 869 | 1471 | — | — |
| 396.0 | 3.068 | 410.8 | 44.6 | 72.8 | 82.9 | 64.1 | 48.3 | 1397 | 1241 | 874 | 1480 | — | — |
| 398.0 | 3.061 | 412.9 | 44.8 | 72.9 | 83.0 | 64.3 | 48.6 | 1405 | 1248 | 879 | 1488 | — | — |
| 400.0 | 3.053 | 415.0 | 45.0 | 73.0 | 83.1 | 64.4 | 48.8 | 1413 | 1255 | 884 | 1496 | — | — |
| 402.0 | 3.046 | 417.1 | 45.3 | 73.1 | 83.3 | 64.7 | 49.1 | 1422 | — | — | 1504 | — | — |
| 404.0 | 3.038 | 419.2 | 45.5 | 73.2 | 83.4 | 64.9 | 49.4 | 1430 | — | — | 1512 | — | — |
| 406.0 | 3.031 | 421.3 | 45.7 | 73.3 | 83.5 | 65.1 | 49.6 | 1438 | — | — | 1521 | — | — |
| 408.0 | 3.024 | 423.4 | 45.9 | 73.4 | 83.6 | 65.3 | 49.8 | 1447 | — | — | 1529 | — | — |
| 410.0 | 3.017 | 425.5 | 46.2 | 73.6 | 83.8 | 65.6 | 50.2 | 1455 | — | — | 1537 | — | — |
| 412.0 | 3.009 | 427.6 | 46.4 | 73.7 | 83.9 | 65.8 | 50.4 | 1463 | — | — | 1545 | — | — |
| 414.0 | 3.002 | 429.7 | 46.6 | 73.8 | 84.0 | 66.0 | 50.7 | 1472 | — | — | 1553 | — | — |
| 416.0 | 2.995 | 431.8 | 4.8 | 73.9 | 84.1 | 66.2 | 50.9 | 1480 | — | — | 1562 | — | — |
| 418.0 | 2.988 | 433.8 | 47.0 | 74.0 | 84.3 | 66.4 | 51.1 | 1488 | — | — | 1570 | — | — |
| 420.0 | 2.981 | 435.9 | 47.3 | 74.1 | 84.4 | 66.6 | 51.5 | 1497 | — | — | 1578 | — | — |
As the founder of MachineMFG, I have dedicated over a decade of my career to the metalworking industry. My extensive experience has allowed me to become an expert in the fields of sheet metal fabrication, machining, mechanical engineering, and machine tools for metals. I am constantly thinking, reading, and writing about these subjects, constantly striving to stay at the forefront of my field. Let my knowledge and expertise be an asset to your business.
EN 
AR 
DE 
ES 
FR 
IT 
JA 
NL 
PT 
PT_BR 
RU 
KO